Charts & plots
Read statistical charts and plots by understanding their marks, patterns, and software conventions.
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How to Interpret a Box Plot—and Identify Its Whisker Convention
Read the median, quartiles, IQR, whiskers, and flagged points in a box plot, and identify which whisker convention the software used.
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QQ Plot Interpretation: How to Read Departures From Normality
Read a normal QQ plot, recognize heavy tails, skew, outliers, and discrete steps, and use the pattern alongside—not beneath—a normality test.