Reference collection
Charts & plots
Read statistical charts and plots by understanding their marks, patterns, and software conventions.
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Interpretation guide
Bland-Altman Plot Interpretation: Bias and Limits of Agreement
Read mean difference, limits of agreement, trends, and repeated-measures caveats in a Bland-Altman plot without confusing correlation with agreement.
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Interpretation guide
How to Interpret a Box Plot—and Identify Its Whisker Convention
Read the median, quartiles, IQR, whiskers, and flagged points in a box plot, and identify which whisker convention the software used.
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Interpretation guide
QQ Plot Interpretation: How to Read Departures From Normality
Read a normal QQ plot, recognize heavy tails, skew, outliers, and discrete steps, and use the pattern alongside—not beneath—a normality test.
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Interpretation guide
Residual Plot Interpretation: Patterns, Leverage, and Cook’s Distance
Read residual plot patterns, distinguish outliers from leverage and influence, and interpret Cook’s distance with attributed, competing thresholds.
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Interpretation guide
How to Read a Scatter Plot: Form, Direction, Strength, and Outliers
Read scatter plot form, direction, strength, clusters, and outliers while avoiding overplotting, aggregation, and restricted-range traps.
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Interpretation guide
How to Interpret a Histogram—and Recognize Bin-Width Traps
Read histogram center, spread, skew, modes, gaps, and tails while checking how bin width changes the apparent distribution shape.
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Interpretation guide
How to Interpret a Forest Plot and Funnel Plot
Read study estimates, confidence intervals, weights, pooled effects, heterogeneity, and funnel plots without turning aggregate evidence into advice.