Statistical values

Interpret Cohen’s kappa and intraclass correlation coefficients, identify the statistic reported, and compare competing reliability scales.

Read a confidence interval correctly, including width, confidence level, and what it means when an interval includes zero or crosses one.

Interpret a p-value without reversing its probability, distinguish alpha from p, and understand why .05 is a convention rather than a natural law.

Distinguish odds ratios from relative risks, understand the rare-outcome approximation, and avoid reading an odds ratio as a risk ratio.

Interpret correlation direction and magnitude using attributed conventions, uncertainty, scatterplots, and field context rather than universal bands.

Interpret Cohen’s d using attributed small, medium, and large conventions while keeping field context, uncertainty, and practical meaning visible.

Interpret standard deviation in the original units, compare spread responsibly, and know when skew, groups, or outliers make the value incomplete.

Distinguish an interval for a mean response from an interval for a new observation and understand why prediction intervals are wider.